From the Annals of New Spain  – In 1691, the Conde de Gálvez appointed Domingo Terán de los Ríos as the first governor of the Spanish province of Coahuila and Texas.  This was the first recognition of Texas as a governmental entity. Terán was instructed to establish seven missions among the Tejas Indians; to investigate the possible existence of foreign settlements on the coast; and record the geography, natives, flora and fauna of the region.  Terán and his small army crossed into present day Texas in May and explored  as far as the Caddo settlements on the Red River until December. Terán returned to Matagorda Bay by March of 1692.  His further explorations were curtailed by bad weather and he returned to Veracruz in April.  This first serious attempt at colonization was considered to be a complete failure. Terán  did not found any missions and his explorations added little new information about the region.

From the Annals of the Supreme Court –  In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), which declared that criminal laws against abortion were unconstitutional.  The case involved Norma L. McCorvey (using the alias Jane Roe) who discovered she was pregnant with her third child.  When she returned to Dallas, she first sought an illegal abortion at a site that had been closed by the police. Eventually, she was referred to Texas attorneys Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington.   Coffee and Weddington filed suit in a U.S. District Court in Texas on behalf of McCorvey against Dallas County District Attorney Henry Wade who represented the State of Texas.  Although McCorvey would give birth before the case was finally decided, the Supreme ultimately invalidated laws criminalizing abortion.

The much hailed and criticized opinion expanded on the previous decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965),in which the Court ruled that the U.S. Constitution protected a right to privacy.  That case overturned a Connecticut statute that prohibited use of contraceptive devices and drugs on the grounds that it violated the “right to marital privacy”.   Roe v. Wade was an expansion of the right to privacy into the area of the right of a woman to choose to terminate a pregnancy in the first two trimesters.

The U.S. has an interesting history when it comes to the legality of abortion. Roe did not mark the first time that abortion became a legal procedure.  Some historians point out that for much of the country’s early history, abortion was not a criminal offense and not generally thought to be immoral.  In the 1700s and early 1800s, the word “abortion” referred only to the termination of a pregnancy after “quickening,” the time when the fetus first began to make noticeable movements.  Before quickening, women had a variety of drugs available to end an unwanted pregnancy.

 The first state prohibition was passed In 1827 by Illinois.  That law made the use of abortion drugs or devices punishable by up to three years’ imprisonment.  Other states passed similar laws but “Female Monthly Pills,” as the abortifacients were known were commonly sold until the middle of the 19th century.

Abortion was widely criminalized between 1860 and 1880. But the practice was not outlawed because of widespread moral outrage over the practice.  Rather, the anti-abortion movement was an anti-competitive campaign waged by the recently established American Medical Association. Doctors viewed abortionists as unwanted competition.  When the Catholic Church, which had long accepted terminating pregnancies before quickening, joined the doctors in condemning the practice, the end of legal abortion quickly followed.

By 1900, abortion was illegal throughout all 50 states.  The prohibition did not stop abortion because the laws were rarely enforced and any women with enough money could terminate a pregnancy. Things changed by mid-century as law enforcement stepped up crack-downs on abortion providers.  This led to a reform movement that succeeded in lifting abortion restrictions in California and New York even before the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade.

The controversy over Roe continues today as many states, including Texas, have attempted to legislate around the margins of Roe and restrict abortion as much as possible without running afoul of constitutional challenges.

From the Annals of the Civil War –   In 1863, Confederate forces recaptured Sabine Pass opening one of the last ports available to the Confederacy. Sabine Pass controlled access to the Sabine River which divides Texas and Louisiana.  In 1861, the Confederacy constructed a major fort to retain control of the river. Union troops captured the fort in September of 1862 and quickly seized control of the major port of Galveston giving the Union control of most of the Texas coast. In November, Confederate General John Bankhead Magruder was given the daunting assignment of expelling the Union forces from Sabine Pass and Galveston.

Magruder’s forces recaptured Galveston before turning their attention to Sabine Pass.  Magruder’s plan involved fortifying the decks of two Rebel ships, the Bell and the Uncle Ben, with cotton bales. Sharpshooters were placed behind the bales.  The ships approached the two Union ships at the Pass, the Morning Light and the Velocity.  The Rebel ships chased the Union vessels into open water while the sharpshooters injured many Union gunners. The Union ships quickly surrendered reopening the Texas coast for Confederate shipping.